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The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib 9780300252057

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THE PR OPHET ’S HEIR

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THE PROPHET’S HEIR THE LIFE OF ALI IBN ABI TALIB

HASSAN ABBAS YALE UNIVERSIT Y PRESS NEW HAVEN AND LONDON

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Copyright © 2021 Hassan Abbas All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers. For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: U.S. Office: [email protected]   yalebooks.com Europe Office: [email protected]   yalebooks.co.uk Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd Printed in Great Britain by TJ Books, Padstow, Cornwall Library of Congress Control Number: 2020949560 ISBN 978-0-300-2945-5 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv

For my father Ghulam Abbas, a teacher par excellence, who inspired me to pursue knowledge and seek the truth

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C HA P T E R 1

CONTENTS F ROM THE DES E RT T O THE METROP OL I S

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he late nineteenth century into which Faisal was born was a world of empires, and none marked for him and Lis

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Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Umayyad caliph from 685 to 705

For the Umayyad governor of Egypt, see Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr.

For the Umayyad prince and governor of Seville, see Abd al-Malik ibn Umar ibn Marwan.

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (Arabic: عَبْد الْمَلِك ٱبْن مَرْوَان ٱبْن الْحَكَم, romanized: ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyadcaliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Fitna and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign.

Following a failed invasion of Iraq in 686, Abd al-Malik focused on securing Syria before making further attempts to conquer the greater part of the Caliphate from his principal rival, the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. To that end, he concluded an unfavorable truce with the reinvig